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Video Transcript
Quantum physics has a mystique of being complicated and hard to understand.
In fact Richard Feynman, who won the Nobel Prize for his work on quantum electrodynamics, said,
if you think you understand quantum physics, you don't understand quantum physics.
Which is kind of disheartening for us because if he didn't understand it, what chance do the rest of us have?
Fortunately this quote is a little misleading. We do in fact understand quantum physics really well.
In fact, it's arguably the most successful scientific theory out there and has let us
invent technologies like computers, digital cameras, LED screens, lasers, nuclear power
plants and you know, you don't really...
want to build a nuclear power plant if you don't really understand how it works.
So quantum physics is the part of physics that describes the very smallest things in
our universe. Molecules, atoms, subatomic particles, things like that. And things down
there don't quite work the same way that we used to up here. This is fascinating because
you and everything around you is made from quantum physics, and so this is really how
the whole universe is actually working. I've drawn these protons, neutrons and electrons
as particles, but in quantum mechanics we really describe everything as waves.
By the way I'm using quantum physics and quantum mechanics interchangeably, they're the same thing.
So instead of an electron looking like this, it should look something like this.
This is called a wave function. But this wave function isn't a real physical wave,
like a wave on water or a sound wave. A quantum wave is an abstract mathematical description.
To get the real world properties like position or momentum of an electron,
we have to do mathematical operations on this wave function.
So for the position we take the amplitude and square it, which for this wave would look something like this.
This gives us a thing called a probability distribution,
which tells us that you're more likely to find the electron here than here.
And when we actually measure where the electron is, an electron particle pops up somewhere within this area.
So with quantum physics, we don't know anything with infinite detail.
We can only predict probabilities that things will happen.
And it looks like this is a fundamental feature of the universe, which was quite a departure
from the clockwork, deterministic universe in classical physics, the kind of thing Newton
derived.
This wave function model predicts what subatomic particles will do incredibly well, but weirdly
we've got no idea if this wave function is literally real or not.
No one's ever seen a quantum wave, because whenever we measure an electron all we ever
see is a point-like electron particle. So there's like this hidden quantum realm
where the waves exist and then the world we can see which is where all the waves
have turned into particles and the barrier between these is a measure of
We say that a measurement collapses the wave function, but we don't actually have
any physics to describe how the wave collapses. This is a gap in our knowledge
that we've dubbed the measurement problem and this is one of the things
that Feynman was referring to with his quote. Another confusing thing is how
exactly to picture an electron. It seems to be a wave until you measure it and
then it's a particle. So what actually is it? This is known as particle-wave
duality and here's an example of it in action, the famous double slit experiment.
Imagine spraying a paintball gun at a wall with two openings in it. You'd
expect to see two columns of paint go through and hit the wall behind. But if
you shrink this all down to the size of electrons you see something quite
different. You can fire one electron at a time at the slits and they appear on the
back wall but as they build up over time you get a whole pattern of stripes
instead of just two bands. This pattern of stripes is called an interference pattern,
something you only see with waves. The idea is that it's the electron wave that goes through
